Essay on Hamlet †the Irony - 1973 Words

Hamlet – the Irony The existence of considerable irony within the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet is a fact recognized by most literary critics. This paper will examine the play for instances of irony and their interpretation by critics. In his essay â€Å"O’erdoing Termagant† Howard Felperin comments on Hamlet’s â€Å"ironic consciousness† of the fact that he is unable to quickly execute the command of the ghost: Our own intuition of the creative or re-creative act that issued in the play also assumes a struggle with the literary past, but one of a more complex nature. It would seem to be Hamlet who is unable to impose successfully the model of an old play upon the intractable material of his present life, and†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is present at the court gathering -- dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. He is not a man of the world, but rather demurring and thoughtful and by himself. His first words say that Claudius is A little more than kin and less than kind, indicating a dissimilarity in values between the new king and himself, thus, in a sense, relegating himself to the position of an outcast, one who counts for nothing. And, incredibly, he is the greatest of people, in terms of what really matters in life – one’s spiritual ideals or morals. This outcast is a prince; he is a genius. His soliloquies confront problems â€Å"which most easily besets men of genius† (Coleridge 345), and they manifest a rare â€Å"human wisdom† (Frye 37). The ghost reveals that King Hamlet was murdered by Claudius; Hamlet swears to avenge this deed. With the ghost’s exhortation, Hamlet ironically â€Å"is not to be allowed simply to endure a rotten world, he must also act in it† (Mack 258); the one who least wants to be part of the world must engross himself fully with the things of the world in order to validate the ghost’s accusation and then carry out his wish. In his essay, â€Å"Reforming the Role,† Mark Rose discusses the irony involved with the ghost’s appearance: The ghost binds Hamlet to vengeance, but there is another and more subtle way in which the spiritShow MoreRelatedIrony in Hamlet970 Words   |  4 PagesIn Act 3, Scene 4, Hamlet is asked by his mother, Gertrude, to reveal what was making him act like he was crazy. Hamlet believes that Gertrude is truly having a heart to heart with him and really desires to put Hamlet’s troubles to ease. However, what Hamlet does not know is that Gertrude allows Polonius to hide being the arras to overhear their conversation for King Claudius. As the audience, we are aware that Polonius is in the room with Gertrude and Hamlet, but Hamlet is unaware of his presenceRead More Irony in Hamlet Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pages Many literary critics point to the considerable irony that exists in Shakespeares Hamlet. This paper examines the play for instances of irony and surveys their interpretation by critics. Howard Felperin comments on Hamlet’s â€Å"ironic consciousness† of the fact that he is unable to quickly execute the command of the ghost: Eliot’s unhappy judgments are worth considering here, if only because they are based on an intuition of Shakespeare’s creative process that is so near toRead MoreEssay on Irony in Hamlet1749 Words   |  7 PagesIrony in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will discuss the issue of irony in Hamlet by dealing with the problems that arise as a result of Hamlets attempt to avenge his fathers death. One of the central problems is the clash between Hamlets overpowering need to believe in the ghost of his father, who is the authoritative figure in his life, and the awareness that he lacks empirical knowledge of the truth. In trying to achieve this knowledge, Hamlet sets out on a mixed mission of accusation,Read MoreTheme Of Irony In Hamlet732 Words   |  3 PagesIrony is a literary device that signifies the opposite of its intended meaning. It is used for humorous or emphatic effect. A rhetorical device that conveys a message that is clear to the audience but unknown to the character. There are three types of irony which include: 1). Dramatic irony : Occurs when the audience knows something that the characters do not. 2). Situational irony : Occurrence of unintended circumstances of events. 3). Verbal irony: Occurs when the speaker says the opposite ofRead MoreDramatic Irony in Hamlet Essay2946 Words   |  12 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚   Dramatic irony in the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet has long been the subject matter of literary critical reviews. This essay will exemplify and elaborate on the irony in the play. David Bevington in the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet identifies one of the â€Å"richest sources of dramatic irony† in Hamlet: Well may the dying Hamlet urge his friend Horatio to â€Å"report me and my cause aright To the unsatisfied,† for no one save Horatio has caught more than a glimpseRead MoreEssay about Dramatic Irony in Hamlet1199 Words   |  5 PagesDramatic Irony is Hamlet What is Dramatic Irony? -Dramatic Irony is when the words and actions of the characters in a work of literature are known to the audience or reader, but they are not known to certain characters in the story. The reader or audience has a greater knowledge of many of the characters themselves. -Shakespeare employs dramatic irony in many of his tragedies, so that the audience is engaged, and so they are able to witness characters errors in their action, predict the fateRead MoreEssay about The Irony in Hamlet by William Shakespeare659 Words   |  3 Pages The Irony in Hamlet In the book Hamlet by Shakespeare, irony is used numerous times in order to give the reader insight on what is going on. As stated in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, irony is an action that is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. If this strategy were not included in this drama, it would take away the whole purpose. This play would consist of no suspense and would be extremely boring to the reader because the characters would know as much as theRead MoreEssay about The Profound Irony of Shakespeares Hamlet 2407 Words   |  10 PagesProfound Irony of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Irony, or the â€Å"hiding what is actually the case† in order to â€Å"achieve special rhetorical or artistic effects† (Abrams 135), is amply demonstrated in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet.    In his essay, â€Å"Reforming the Role,† Mark Rose discusses the irony involved with the ghost’s appearance:    The ghost binds Hamlet to vengeance, but there is another and more subtle way in which the spirit of his father haunts the prince. It is one of the radical ironiesRead More Use of Irony in A Streetcar Named Desire and Hamlet Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages In both A Streetcar Named Desire and Hamlet, Tennessee Williams and William Shakespeare, respectively, demonstrate their abilities to create engaging plays which work on several levels in order to produce the desired effect. One of the most important characteristics of these plays is the playwrights success in using their words to create the worlds surrounding their works. Both Shakespeare and Williams effectively use irony in the aforementioned plays, both in the plot Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three types

The Ibadan Study Of Aging - 1613 Words

METHODS Sample selection, recruitment and follow-up The Ibadan Study of Aging (ISA) has been previously described (Gureje et al., 2007); we provide only a brief overview. Individuals were selected using stratified multistage cluster sampling from eight neighbouring states of the Yoruba-speaking region of Nigeria, representing approximately 25 million or about 22% of the total Nigerian population at the time of the study. From 15 strata, based on state and urban versus rural location, 43 Local Government Areas were selected as the primary sampling units (PSUs). Four secondary sampling units (SSUs) defined by numeration units of 50 to 70 housing units were systematically selected from each PSU (172 SSUs in total). A census was conducted within each of the selected SSUs and a random sample of 17 households with individuals aged 65 years or over selected from each SSU. One individual from each household was approached to participate in the study. For households with multiple eligible individuals (aged 65 years or over and fluent in Yoruba – the local language), one individual was selected using a Kish grid (Kish L, 1949). Up to five calls were made to contact the selected individual; and there was no replacement for those who could not be contacted or who refused to participate in the study. Baseline assessment was conducted between November 3, 2003, and August 27, 2004. Three annual follow-up waves were implemented in 2007, 2008 and 2009 Measures and Procedure Information onShow MoreRelatedIdentifying The Causes Of Alzheimer Disease899 Words   |  4 Pagesunder the list of DSM yet the studies show such a common thread of the symptoms showing up in old age. Is it natural to become more forgetful and have less reasoning skills as you get past a certain age bracket or is AD a serious mental illness that we can prevent through intentional strategic changes in the lives of people? This fascinating study comparing African American people over the age of 65 both in the United States living in Indiana and people living in Ibadan, Nigeria shows some interestingRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Normal Part Of Aging And That It Isn t Fatal1315 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Introduction a. i. There are people around the world that still believe that Alzheimer’s is a normal part of aging and that it isn’t fatal. ii. Research shows that Alzheimer’s disease causes changes in the brain for decades prior to the first symptoms become visible, so even people who seem free of the disease today might be at risk. iii. Alzheimer s disease has no survivors. It s a disease that destroys your brain cells and causes it to malfunction, change memoryRead MoreThe Evolution Of Eugenics1721 Words   |  7 Pagesracial SNPs, admixture mapping was used to facilitate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on various complex traits, diseases, and responses to drugs. Recent studies have identified diseases such as lung cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, and prostate cancer on specific loci within African Americans. The admixed population for the Pan-African array has been validated from the HapMap Project, including Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Maasai from eastern Kenya (MWK), the Luhya from western KenyaRead Morefood consumption1486 Words   |  6 PagesEcology Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the pattern of fast food consumption and contribution to nutrient intake of undergraduates. One hundred and forty undergraduate students of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria were randomly selected for the study. Data was collected on socioeconomic characteristics and food habit using a structured questionnaire while 24-hourRead MoreBoko Haram : A Threat Of Western Civilization3365 Words   |  14 Pagescountries. The amount of production has decreased since 2005 due to the increase of violent militant groups that have caused large companies to shut down production (ISA). The amount of oil production increased in 2009, but due to poor maintenance of the aging pipelines and pipeline sabotage, have caused instability in the production of oil in Nigeria resulting in the inability to export the same amount of oil that it once was able to. Due to the lack of a diverse economy, the government only invests withinRead More Alzheimers Disease Essay1941 Words   |  8 Pages 40s, and 50s, called early-onset Alzheimers disease, occurs much less frequently, accounting for less than 10 percent of the estimated 4 million Alzheimers cases in the United States. Although Alzheimers disease is not a normal part of the aging process, the risk of developing the disease increases, as people grow older. About 10 percent of the United States population over the age of 65 is affected by Alzheimers disease, and nearly 50 percent of those over age 85 may have the disease. Read MoreSoc 727-the Theory of Demographic Transition and Its Applicability to Developing Countries5499 Words   |  22 PagesTHEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND ITS APPLICABILITY TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Part One) A PAPER COMPILED BY S. AKINMAYá »Å'WA LAWAL MATRIC NO: 106584 Department of Sociology University Of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria. SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR UCHE C. ISIUGO-ABANIHE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN SOC 727: DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THURSDAY, 8 MAY, 2008. Abstract Human population over the past decades, have doubled, tripled and grown rapidlyRead MoreProtection of Vulnerable People: Older Adults With Dementia2567 Words   |  10 PagesDementia in the Ibadan Study of Aging, Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 59, 5, pp. 869-874 Forti, P, Pisacane, N, Rietti, E, Lucicesare, A, Olivelli, V, Mariani, E, Mecocci, P, Ravaglia, G 2010, Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults, Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 58, 3, pp. 487-492 Cheng, G, Huang, C, Deng, H, Wang, H 2012, Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Internal MedicineRead MoreAttitude of Nurses Towards Hiv/Aids Patient7371 Words   |  30 Pages3 April, 2011 Information education and communication (IEC) programs are the most effective available approaches for combating the HIV pandemic especially among nurses. The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS before and after an IEC intervention program. The study used a prospective interventional design that was conducted on two different nursing groups: post-graduate nursing staff (67 nurses) and undergraduate nursing students (73 students). A significantRead MoreProblems and Prospect of Marketing Petroleum in Nigeria15386 Words   |  62 PagesPETROLEUM PRODUCT IN NIGERIA: CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC) BY ADEKEYE ADEDAMOLA OLUWABUSAYO MATRIC NO: 06/66MC020 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITYOF ILORIN,NIGERIA.IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE AWARD IN B.SC (HONS) JUNE 2010 CERTIFICATION This research work entitled â€Å"problem and prospects of marketing petroleum product in Nigeria: A case study of NNPC† has been read and approved

The Old, Bald, Toothless Angel Free Essays

The supposed angel in the story A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez differs from the usual conception of angels with the following characteristics: its physical appearance, its effect upon the community, and the paranormal occurrences of its presence. The usual conception on the images of angels are romanticized – images of blonde children with small, white wings and rosy cheeks. However, the ‘angel’ in Marquez’s story is described as an old man, dirty, smelly, and possesses rotting wings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Old, Bald, Toothless Angel or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"He was dressed like a ragpicker. There were only a few faded hairs left on his bald skull and very few teeth in his mouth, and his pitiful condition of a drenched great-grandfather had taken away any sense of grandeur he might have had. His huge buzzard wings, dirty and half-plucked, were forever tangled in mud† (Marquez, 387). In addition, the use of the word ‘enormous’ used to described the old man’s wings are strewn with mud and rotting, full of small insects and parasites. The characters in the story immediately perceive the old man to be a fallen angel, because of the state of his wings. Also, the enormity of the wings give emphasis on Marquez use of the magic realism genre in the story. The shape and size of the wings may be exaggerated in a realistic point of view but the use of enormous gives the reader a more realistic approach to the old man. It also presents an ordinary experience on part of the characters – since Pelayo and Elisenda did not express shock of the old man’s appearance but of his condition – lying in the mud and in a downcast state. As the story revolves on the theme of magical realism, the characters in the story do not express shock over the old man’s appearance. They exhibit behaviour as though they see kinds of magical creatures often in their lives. Indeed, the first reaction of the couple is more a contradiction toward the whole theme of the story – a realistic perspective. They deduced that the old man may be a castaway from a ship across the sea that was wrecked by some storm. They based their judgement when they tried to ask the old man and responded in a strong sailor’s voice with a foreign dialect. However, the couple was not convinced and decided to ask a woman who had experience with such matters. The old woman needed only a glance and immediately concluded that the old man was an angel sent to take the couple’s ailing child (Marquez, 388). Thus, the themes of magic and realism come together from different point of views. The old man’s effect on the community, upon hearing the suggestion of the old woman, also became magical in one point. As exhibited by the behaviour of the townspeople in the story, they immediately associate the angel with various miracles and scenarios – that the angel was sent to be the leader of the world, to be a five star general in order to end wars, and such. The angel is also viewed by the community not as a supernatural creature but rather as a circus animal. After all the commotion the old man brought to the community, the couple decided to charge a fee for everybody who wanted to see the angel. Its popularity declined when a circus act visited the town with a spider-lady as its main attraction. The people favored the spider-woman over the angel as the spider had a personal story on why she turned to such while the angel did nothing but sit on the chicken coop. Marquez presents an alternative conception of the angel – that the spider, with all its grotesquery and exhibiting usual emotions like pain and emotional suffering, greatly amused the people rather than an old, mute angel rotting in its place. People favored amusement, even if the object is supernatural in nature. Apart from this, Marquez presents the angel to be a mere object of interest for only a limited time until the townspeople shifted their attention toward the spider. Angels are often regarded to be holy beings, that are capable of miracles, and provides ‘good’ in people’s lives. But the angel in the story remains isolated from the community and only act as though he had no care of his condition. His characteristics were also a downfall toward the perception of the community – he was old, toothless, with rotting wings and a pronounced stench. Even though the old man was first conceived as an angel, people did not pay the same amount of attention compared to the spider-woman, who exhibited an emotional plight that greatly amused the people. The paranormal presence of the angel did not stir bewilderment on the characters of the story – instead they presented keen interest and ill-disguised curiosity. Also, their immediate association of the old man as a universal solution to all their worldly-problems became the definitive character of the angel. Yet, they did not bother to place the angel in greater prominence, as they ignored him until one day, he grew new wings and began to fly toward the ocean horizon. The disappearance of the angel also coincided with the growth of Pelayo and Elisenda’s child, and deduced that the angel took away the child’s sickness. And because of the fee they charged to see the angel, the couple became rich from their profits. Marquez persuades the reader into a personal interpretation of the old man – just like the people in the story. He presents the old man with its characteristics and it is up to the reader to decide whether it is an angel or not. However, Marquez also utilizes several peculiar situations and characteristics that coincide with the angel’s presence in the story. His enormous wings is the main point. It appears as though it was nothing out of the extraordinary; that the characters in the story were accustomed to seeing wings deeply implanted in a person’s structure. Also, as the angel grew another set of wings, it could have been assumed that it would resemble the pearly-white color of a real angel but the old man’s wings were that of a scarecrow (Marquez, 392). Marquez leaves room for interpretation on the part of the reader as to what the old man really is. He presents a wholly different perspective of an angel, as presented by the examples of the people in which the old revolved upon. It may be an angel or just an old, toothless man with enormous wings. How to cite The Old, Bald, Toothless Angel, Papers

Significance of Outsourcing in Business Free-Samples Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Outsourcing in Business. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing in business has become quite prevalent in the contemporary business. This is becoming increasingly popular in the contemporary world. Many companies have already considered the process while many new companies have accepted the benefits of outsourcing. The globalization effect and the cost effectiveness of the process have made this a popular business process. However, despite of several benefits of the outsourcing it has some disadvantages as well. In the outsourcing of the business parent companies generally do not have any direct control over the outsource branches. It is because of such factor that the quality of the outsource locations is not as per the quality of the parent company (Kang, M., Wu, Hong and Park 2012). Nevertheless, companies are still passionate about the concepts because they see this as a cost effective process, which is never possible with the business in the parent company (Massini and Miozzo 2012). This paper is a reflective journal on the attac hed research proposal, which has shown some works on the facts of business outsourcing. The main purpose of this paper is to write a reflective journal on the learnt materials from the provided research proposal on the business outsourcing. Effectiveness and usefulness of the learning experience- The learning experiences from the various lectures in the university courses are very useful for my future courses and the career ahead. The learning would help me conduct further works of research on some selected topic comprehensively. This is very necessary for doing a dissertation, which is also a part of the academic course. The learning experience is also helpful for my career because it is helping me with utmost knowledge on several topics that are useful for a practical business world. I am a student of Business Administration and this is important for me to be acquainted with such topics. How the learning process is useful- Course- The learning process is highly useful for the course as the academic courses do contain various research proposal and dissertation as well. The learning process through the entire lectures has widely covered the various aspects of a research proposal, which made me become acquainted with the subject topic. There are high scopes for the research works in academics, which is why the learning process is extremely helpful for my future courses (Sreejesh, Mohapatra and Anusree 2014). Program- The learning process is also helpful my future program as I am pursuing postgraduate in Business Administration and these kinds of learnings are of high use for me. The Business Administration program is can best its benefits is the students are comprehensively acquainted with the practical business world. The learning process is very guiding and supporting for my program in the university. Future career- The learning that the provided assignments provide is of high importance for my career. This is because it covers some very practical and widely popular contents of a business world. Business outsourcing is highly practiced process across the globe. The knowledge that I have gathered from the assignment is extremely helpful for my career as a graduate business professionals. Life- The assignment and the learning experience from the assignment is highly beneficial for a prospect career. Nevertheless, a prospect career brings a peaceful life as well. Details of the entire learning process- The learning process has covered the primary resources for conducting the research on the chosen topic. The primary resources are used in this process to get the most authentic responses on the topic. A semi-structured interview with the Human Resource Department would be used for the research on outsourcing. An online survey would also be conducted with the customers (Hair 2015). Evaluation of the learning- The assignment has helped me to understand the importance of outsourcing in business. Business outsourcing has become an increasingly spreading affair for the contemporary business (Mani, Barua and Whinston 2012). This is because it has provided utmost benefits to the different organizations. Outsourcing has become a good source to cut on the costs and enhance the profit margin for the company (Holweg and Pil 2012). Some countries such as India, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan have comparatively low labour costs. Low labour costs in such countries are attracting many companies to outsource some of their business. Outsourcing has brought many benefits to such organizations such as cost effectiveness, low burden on the HRM, skipping the strict government rules in the parent country, attaining the best business environment in the target country and many others (Awino and Mutua 2014). They are getting cheap labours in such countries. Some portions of their works are getting reduced with t he help of outsourcing. The subject study, which are depicted in the provided assignments have largely influenced me as a learner. It helped me to learn some of the most important aspects of a business world. Business outsourcing is a broad concept, which is adding new dimensions to its scope with the gradual passage of time (Yang, Wacker and Sheu 2012). The assignment is a research proposal on outsourcing, which would consider the primary resources to get the best results (Qaisar and Khawaja 2012). The assignment and the lecture notes have helped on how to design a research paper. This would extensively help me in my various future works, which is necessary for a successful completion of the entire program. Moreover, to become a graduate professional a sound theoretical knowledge of the subject and a practical understanding of some related business practices are necessary. Lessons learnt The assignment and the lecture notes have not only taught me the process needed to design a research work but it has also helped me in knowing some factual thing about the practical business world. The practical business world is much different to what taught in the academics. It differs in the practices, which itself depend on various organizations and their ethical considerations. The lecture notes are a good source of learning whereas the provided assignment is a good source to understand the practical business world. Reason for the particular activity- The particular activity is chosen because it excited my attention towards this particular term. I am also a student of Business Administration and it is very important for me to be acquainted with the most practical world of business. To enhance my academic standard and to enhance my business capabilities I had chosen the topic. Practical application of the learning- The learning finds its application in wide terms in practical life. Outsourcing has already become a widely prevalent used business practice across the globe (Handley and Benton 2012). It was important for me to be familiar with the subject topic to give me a good understanding of the practical business. This is necessary for me that I complete my academics with good grades, which is never possible without a proper learning. Moreover, the provided lecture notes are one of the tools that build up the foundation of a proper learning. It is important for me as well that I become a graduate professional after the completion of academics, which would be highly needed for getting a good job. The chosen subject would help me because this has supplied to me some practical facts of the business outsourcing. These are some of the business terms, which would help me in my business career further. Conclusion The lecture notes are very informative and educative as well. They teach me some basics of a research works, which is needed to purse a successful academic career in universities. The assignment is informative as well as this supply some very useful findings of business outsourcing. Business outsourcing has become an integral aspect of business practices, which is day-by-day growing in its popularity. It has lessened a portion of burden from the parent company. References Awino, Z.B. and Mutua, J.M., 2014. Business process outsourcing strategy and performance of Kenyan state corporations.Journal of emerging trends in economics and management sciences,5(7), pp.37-43. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Handley, S.M. and Benton, W.C., 2012. Mediated power and outsourcing relationships.Journal of Operations Management,30(3), pp.253-267. Holweg, M. and Pil, F.K., 2012. Outsourcing complex business processes.California Management Review,54(3), pp.98-115. Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P. and Park, Y., 2012. Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance.Journal of Business Research,65(8), pp.1195-1201. Mani, D., Barua, A. and Whinston, A.B., 2012. An empirical analysis of the contractual and information structures of business process outsourcing relationships.Information Systems Research,23(3-part-1), pp.618-634. Massini, S. and Miozzo, M., 2012. Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: challenges to theory, management and geography of innovation.Regional Studies,46(9), pp.1219-1242. Qaisar, S. and Khawaja, K.F., 2012. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business.Cloud Computing: Network/Security Threats and Countermeasures,3, pp.1323-329. Sreejesh, S., Mohapatra, S. and Anusree, M.R., 2014.Business research methods. Springer International Publishing AG. Yang, C., Wacker, J.G. and Sheu, C., 2012. What makes outsourcing effective? A transaction-cost economics analysis.International Journal of Production Research,50(16), pp.4462-4476.