Project Management (budget part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management (budget part) - Essay Example The research seeks to address how a restaurant can install tabs as a strategy of serving customers and at the same time, improve the output per person and profitability. Cost analysis will help us generate the current position of the business’ funds and the effect that will result when the project is in progress. Essentially, information on the strengths of the undertaking, weakness as a result of internal systems, and benefits of the final implemented program will provide the most reliable information in project management. Usually, management considers the payback period in which the business enterprise will recover the amount invested in the project. In the current cost analysis, we include the balance sheet of the restaurant so as to establish the current finances available in the business. The values one incorporates in a balance sheet are derived are the various balances on the trial balance. The values reflect the balances of various assets and liabilities. The balance sheet shows that the financial position of the restaurant is at a plausible position. The average value of the current assets for the four consecutive years is at $ 46, 000. However, in this analysis, fixed assets will not facilitate the decision of either to implement or discard the project. The reason is because fixed assets are none trading but only assist the management to evaluate the degree of insolvency. The data below represents the balance sheet of current funds available before the business implements the project. The income and expense analysis shows the budget that the business has met in a period of one year before implementation of the project. The data in the statement shows that in the previous years, the restaurant’s sales were $ 190 000, $ 260 000, $ 355 000, and $ 482 000. More so, the average gross profit for the restaurant was $ 226 000. In evaluating the expenses, their value is below that of the revenues hence

The ManCom as Facilitator of Reforms Essay Example for Free

The ManCom as Facilitator of Reforms Essay The school depends much on the political will of the Management Committee as the implementer and facilitator of reforms in the school. Parallel leadership is an ideal concept and through Project IDEAS with the integration of other strategies, the reforms will be successful. The ManCom is provided the authority to make policy decisions. It has to create from within its committee, a team that will plan, implement and evaluate the activities of the project IDEAS to effect the reforms needed, to finally solve the diminishing quality standards of education provided by the school. Shafallah will need multiple strategies that will be implemented simultaneously – â€Å"many things happening at the same time†, and implemented by a team that will seriously and honestly devote their time and skills without bias to achieve successful school reforms. The team may be headed by the Managing Director and with the human resource department as the secretariat. The program will have to involve not only the teachers and the ManCom but also the parents and the leaders in the community who are affected by the diminishing quality of education provided by the school. The program will have to create school-wide awareness that the school is serious about bringing change and a new environment in the school. Supporting activities must accompany the change such as removal of the aspect of â€Å"nationality, race and religion† as a basis for any management decision, and focus on capability building of teachers, developing multi-skilling among existing teachers, leveling benefits through a standardized wage and salary scheme and improved school facilities. The noise created by the advocacy program is in itself, leadership on process. The entire school community will notice that the management is bent on improving the school. The teachers will regain hopes that they will be provided support in terms of exposure and more importantly, the much needed moral support from the management. The future of Shafallah lies in the performance of ManCom in achieving the leadership reforms for the school. Its most important function first and foremost is to establish the school vision and assure that it the picture of what the whole school community would want its school to be. Management with its traditional positional authority will have to step down and collaborate. Another important function is to transform itself (ManCom) and individually as administrators, to act as transformational leaders from purely the positional authority, to leaders who are not only adaptive to change but also willing to collaborate to influence change. (Avolio 1998) Another function is to transform the demoralized teaching force into teacher-leaders. ManCom will develop strategies to process the re-imaging of the teaching force. From the individual classroom practitioner to one who is a â€Å"life-long learner, a self knowing professional who works together with others to achieve a shared purpose. † (Limerick et. al. 1998 as cited in Andrews, 2004) The Community’s Role in the School Reforms The IDEAS was another process introduced by Crowther and his group which has the mechanism to possibly solve the problems of the school. One of the Australian schools that adopted innovations using the Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievement in Schools (IDEAS) conducted learning programs addressing the capability of the teaching force and the other professionals in the school community. Seaside State School is one of those success stories using IDEAS. The school applied integrated and holistic strategies to accomplish what the school envisioned, through the development of a shared school-wide pedagogy. What is worth replicating in this sample success story is the involvement of the students, the parents and the community. The school implemented major campaigns to influence the entire school community on the vision of the school. Activities such as â€Å"vision week† celebrations strongly attended by the parents, students and the other residents of the community were held. (Andrews 2004)

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on Drosophila Melanogaster

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on Drosophila Melanogaster Dr. Sonali Sengupta* Namrata Sain,  Lathika J,  Akshay Tharali Abstract:- The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster known as a model organism is widely used in mammalian cellular and developmental studies. Its vast genome similarity with the humans has facilitated for various genetic and physiological studies. Ayurvedic medicine represents a traditional form of medication used to treat various human illness and anomalies. This paper aims to study the effect of an anti-paralytic ayurvedic drug on the physiological and behavioural pattern of locomotion defective and neurophysiology defective strain of Drosophila. This study will also help us to draw an analogy to the effect or action of these ayurvedic drugs on human system and further lead us to better understanding of the condition. Keywords:- Drosophila melanogaster, Ayurvedic , behavioural, physiological Introduction:- Drosophila melanogaster acts as an ideal species for model systems and drug interaction studies. Due to its feasibility for culturing and short reproductive cycle it is used in various genetic research prospectives. The drosophila genome on account of its similarity with the human genome can be studied extensively to identify certain genes involved in disease condition and also aid in understanding the various regulatory mechanisms that are associated with it. Study of drug interaction in Drosophila can be very well co-related to its effect on humans and therefore various drug interaction studies have been conducted in various conditions thereby relating it to the genotype. Drug interaction with Drosophila can be used to study its genotoxic effect as well as any rectifying effect on the expressed phenotype of the organism. Locomotion rhythm and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster exhibit both structural and functional abnormality and can be considered analogus to human paralysis condition owing to the non-functioning of neurons stimulating the muscles. The ebony (e11) mutants of drosophila show locomotor rhythm defect along with a defect in the electrophysiology properties of the neurons, muscles leading to the characteristic movement defect. This condition can be related to the paralytic condition in humans and drug interaction with these mutants can be used as a future way for analysis and cure of the condition in humans. Ayurveda has represented a field of medications and formulations that have been used to treat various human abnormality conditions in India. Ayurvedic medicine represents various treated plant extracts and formulations which contain certain important compounds that target the affected sites in human disorder conditions. These ayurvedic medicines can be considered as an example of medications which have their efficacy related to the genoptypic constitution of the subject. Various anti-paralytic ayurvedic drugs target the neuronal and muscular components of the affected condition. This paper aims at studying the effect of such an Ayurvedic drug on the locomotion and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster and relating it to the human complex disorder conditions. Materials and Methods:- 2 types of strains were used. 1.Canton-S: Drosophila melanogaster of Canton-S wild type strain were obtained from Dr. Kavitha Thirumurugan, VIT University. They were maintained, cultured and outbred in large population in optimum temperature in our laboratory. 2. e11 (Dmele11tm3) The ebony e11 mutants were obtained from NCBS, Bangalore. They were cultured on corn meal medium maintained at 24C. The mutants showed phenotypic characteristics of locomotion rhythm and neurophysiology defective. Drug:- The Ayurvedic drug used was Amukkara choorana purchased from a local ayurvedic medicine shop in Vellore in form of tablets .The main ingredient of this medicine is Amukkara or Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Amukkara Choornam has an anti-arthritic activity and it is a restorative and nervine tonic. Experiment:- The wild type flies were cultured in 3 types of food:- (i) corn meal medium without drug (ii) medium with 0.01g drug i.e 100microgram of drug for 100 ml.(iii) medium with 0.05g drug i.e 500microgram of drug for 100 ml. (iv) medium with 0.1g drug i.e 1000 microgram of drug for 100 ml. The e11 mutants were also cultured in corn meal medium with and without out drug of the above mentioned concentration of drug. To observe drug administration from larval stage, 30 Wild type larva were also culture in normal medium as well as in medium with the above mentioned drug concentrations. The larva were transferred using a thin paint brush and carefully planted on the medium and cultured at constant temperature. Assays:- 1. Survival Assay:-The wild type and mutant flies were cultured in normal and drug medium for 7days (1 week) and their rate of survival was measured. 2. Climbing Assay:-10 wild type and mutant flies were observed for their characteristic climbing ability in normal and drug medium. 3. Light Sensitive Assay:-10 wild type and mutant files from each category were exposed to a light source for 2-5 minutes and their anti-geotrophic behaviour was observed. 4. Polytene chromosome analysis:-Wild type larva were dissected and polytene chromosomes were observed by acteocarmine staining for any chromosomal abberations. The larvae were collected from both normal and drug medium which were dissected with a mounted needle on a glass slide under the microscope and the polytene chromosomes were removed from the salivary glands. The polytene chromosomes were then fixed using freshly prepared chilled fixative (Methanol: Acetic acid 3:1) and stained with acetocarmine dye. It was then washed with glacial acetic acid,cover slip was placed . Mounting was done and observed under microscope. RESULTS:- Rate of Survival:- Fig 1:- Graph representing the survibility assay of the Wild type and e11 mutant flies over a period of 7 days cultured in corn meal medium without drug and with drug at 3 different concentrations (0.01g, 0.05g and 0.1g per 100 ml) Fig 2:- Wild type and e11 mutant flies cultured in corn meal medium. Climbing assay:- Fig 3:- e11 mutant in 0.1g drug food showing static behavior (lower one) Light Sensitive Assay:- The light sensitive assay was performed on Day 4:- Wild type in normal food:- The flies showed anti-geotropic behavior i.e attraction towards light. 8 out 10 were attracted towards light Wild type in 0.01g drug food:- showed jumping movement and falling cycle. Wild type in 0.05g drug food:- Flies showed geotropic behavior i.e withdrawl from light source. Wild type in 0.1g drug food:- Flies show complete withdrawl from light i.e they prefer to stay in dark Mutant in Normal food:- On exposure to light it showed mostly static behavior with minimal movement and difficulty in climbing due to weak muscle strength. Mutant in 0.01 drug food:- Extreme static behavior and difficulty in moving. Mutant in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food:- Not viable. Fig4:-Wild type flies in 0.1g drug food showing withdrawl from light exposure. Polytene chromosome analysis:- Polytene chromosome analysis revealed no chromosomal abberations in the wild type flies post exposure to varied concentrations of drug DISCUSSION:- In the above study both wild type and ebony mutant flies were cultured in three types of drug medium with each medium having increasing concentration of drug. Both the wild type and mutant flies showed decrease in survival rate in food with drug concentration 0.1g as well as in 0.05g with a more potent decrease in the 0.1g indicating lethality due to the drug dose. So the drug concentration was decreased to 0.01g which showed no decrease in survival rate for the wild type flies whereas the mutant flies showed less decrease in survival rate indicating minimal concentration of drug may induce a positive effect on survival rate. The Climbing assay showed that the mutants in 0.1 and 0.05g drug food showed shibire behaviour and inability to cling to the wall thus inferring muscle weakness before the drug proved lethal. Whereas mutants in 0.01g drug medium showed reduced climbing pace and static movement but had a positive effect on survival rate. Wild type flies in drug food showed no change in initial days but depicted slow climbing rate in later days. But when the drug was exposed from the larval stage, it showed a positive effect on the climbing as well as jumping behavior. Thus it can be concluded that the if the drug is exposed to the organism from the larval stage it produces a better effect as compared with adult stage. Thus it may concluded that incorporation of the drug during the larval stage may produce a curable effect as compared to that during adult stage, but further studies need to be done. Light sensitive assay revealed that wild type flies in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food showed geotropic behavior and complete withdrawl from light respectively. Mutants in drug food showed mostly static response to light. This study aims at finding out the drug interaction with the defective gene thereby drawing an analogy with the human genome. The effect of these drugs on the drosophila genome may provide an analogy as to which gene may be affected in case of patients with paralytic or muscular disorders and may also provide possible means of therapy for the management and treatment of the disorders. REFERENCES:- In Vivo Effects Of Traditional Ayurvedic Formulations in Drosophila melanogaster Model Relate with Therapeutic Applications by Vibha Dwivedi et.al 2012. The effects of exogenous antioxidants on lifespan and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster by Tapiwanashe Magwere et.al 2006 Dopamine modulates acute responses to cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in Drosophila Roland J. Bainton et .al 2000. Mutant human torsin A responsible for early onset dystonia, dominantly suppresses GTPCH expression, Dopamine levels and locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster by O donnell JM et al 2011. Drug resistance of bacteria commensal with Drosophila melanogaster in laboratory cultures Sultan, R et al 2001. The pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing and haltere of Drosophila melanogaster and several of its homeotic mutants by Eric S. Cole et al 1982. A gene necessary for normal male courtship, yellow, acts downstream of fruitless in the Drosophila melanogaster larval brain by Mark David Drapeau et al 2003. Tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and a mutant, ebony by Ross B. Hodgetts et al 1976. Neurophysiological defects in temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster by Siddiq et al 201. Electrophysiological Correlates of Rest and Activity in Drosophila melanogaster by Douglas A Nitz et al 2002.

World Trade Center Tragedy :: American America History

World Trade Center Tragedy At 8:45am a hijacked plane crashed into the World Trade Centre, 9:03am a second hijacked plane crashed into the World Trade Centre. Again at 9:43am another hijacked plane crashed into the Pentagon, and one other hijacked plane was shot down at 10:10am as it was going towards Camp David. On September 11th 2001 at 8:45am the first hijacked plane crashed into the World Trade Centre. American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston, Massachusetts was the first out of four planes to be hijacked that day. As people looked on they saw how many people lost their lives in that short second. Many people looked on in shock and amazement at the same time. As they were looking at the first hijacked plane in the World trade Centre they saw a second hijacked plane Airlines Flight 175 from Boston, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center and explodes at around 9:03am. The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses, plummeting into the streets below, and a massive cloud of dust formed and slowly drifted away from the buildings at 10:05am. As many people ran for cover the second World trade Centre collapsed at10:28. At 9:43. American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon, sending up a huge plume of smoke Three minutes later the Whitehouse was evacuated. People in Washington are now feeling the same disbelief that New York was feeling. They are shocked, and some people might not have understood what was going on. Some people did not want to believe that something like this could happen in their city, let alone there own town. The Pentagon is now burning and there is nothing anyone could do but cry, and hope that their loved ones were not on any of those planes. The last plane that was hijacked was then shot down at 10:10am. The plane was being hijacked was going toward Camp David.

Family Size

Would you rather be a member of a small family or a big one? Small families become spoilt over excessive resources. The advantages of having a small family weigh up to having a pretty good life. By being part of a small family you will receive more attention from your parents; go on holiday often and have money for yourself. Parents will not have to stress over money and budget issues. Although the advantages of a small family are everything most children would want in their lives, the disadvantages have a negative impact on your own and others lives.Disadvantages of children in a small family are that they don’t learn responsibility and become selfish due to having their own stuff and not having to share with siblings. They become spoilt because they are use to having everything their way and getting whatever they want at any time. Children also tend to become bored alone at home, holidays or outings. Being part of a big family introduces children to a balanced lifestyle.The advantages of being part of a family are children learn responsibility, do chores etc. It is also good for younger siblings to have someone they can talk to. On family outings there will be a joyful atmosphere because of the amount of people. They will learn to socialize easily and be able to share with others. Even though there are many advantages of being part of a big family, there are also disadvantages to consider. Children get less attention from their parents and have no privacy or space of their own.A major issue is sibling rivalry, which is when siblings don’t get along and compete with each other in academics, sports etc. Disadvantages for parents would be not having a lot of money to spend on each child and having a huge amount of stress to pay bills, fees etc. In my opinion, having and being part of a small family results in children being spoilt and unsocial. Having a big family is better for a child’s upbringing because of the jovial household atmosphere and responsibilities learnt. Total number of words: 337

Child Studies Meeting (4 -7 age year) Essays - Geisha, Free Essays

Child Studies Meeting (4 -7 age year) Essays - Geisha, Free Essays Child Studies Meeting (4 -7 age year) Traditional Mask Making from Specific Country (Idea 1)-Below the iceberg-(What other countries see as beautiful e.g. Africa - Feathers, Geisha- White/pale)-(Different mask are made to show different ideas of beauty)-Make a mask from a specific country-e.g. African Masks, Japanese Geisha Mask-(Development: Cognitive and motor: Children learn arts and crafts, as well as Country well known connotations) Music from Around the world (Idea 2)-Below the ice burgs-(Helps with physical development as well as learn about different country music)-(curtesy and manners)-(Everyone can take turns each)-Musical chairs-Good for settling the kids down Memory Games (Idea 3)-Above the ice berg because- (because they will have to know it before hand)-(Development: cognitive: Helps with memory and teaches children about the countries along the way)- (Game breakdown: Which country is this' from) Who am I Game (Idea 4)-Above the ice berg-(Development: )-(Game idea: -Describe the country and guess who is who'? with head bands of countries on them) Child Points out where they are born and place their name tag on the place (Idea 5)- Above the ice berg-Everybody can see that everybody is born from different places-(understanding of other cultures)-Only if we get older children -Younger kids might not know where they are from -(Depending on what age group of kids we get) -600075-52387500